RESUMO
Aims:To studysocietal determinants of anemia among women of reproductive age (WRA) and elaborate the role of community pharmacist for its management. Study Design:To investigatethe societal determinants of anemia, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the Muzaffarabad district of AJK, Pakistan.Methodology:We collected the data from 384 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) having at least one child using a self-constructed interview schedule.The population sample size was calculated using Krejcie formula and purposive sampling was used for data collection. Two hospitals, Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences and combined military hospital Muzaffarabad were selected for blood samples to screen the hemoglobin (Hb) level of the respondents and data collection. Univariate analysis was performed to examine the frequency distributions and percentages of cases depending on a single variable at a time. The bivariate analysis was performed usingchi-square test to determine empirical relationship between the anemia severity and socio-cultural risk factors of this ailment. The odd ratios were computed to investigate the odds of occurrence of anemia among respondents. The results were considered statistically significant at significance level ≤ 0.05. Results:The findings revealed that prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anemia are 26.3%, 40.9% and 14.3% respectively among WRA, which showsthat anemia is a significant health problem from public health perspective in the region. Major contributing factors are respondent’s and her husband’s education, age at marriage, number of pregnancies, knowledge about balanced diet and anemia, male preference in food intake and violence.Conclusion:Anemia is a multifactorial problem among WRA in the study population, which can be dealt with using an integrated approach by combating malnutrition, provision of adequate healthcare, quality education and devising strategies for avoiding domestic violence. The community pharmacists can play an effective role to educate people about the selection of iron supplementation for adequate management of anemia among WRA
RESUMO
The metalloelement Palladium has a number of potential Pharmaco-clinical advantages. Palladium compounds have antiviral, antibacterial, neuroprotective and antitumor properties. However studies have also indicated some mild to serious toxic effects of Palladium metalloelements. Biothiols are important antioxidants that provide protection against metals toxicity. The interaction of metalloelements with biothiols can provide valuable information about the level of toxicity of the metalloelements and about the protective role of biothiols thereof. In this piece of work the effect of salt and complexes of Palladium on the status of different thiols [GSH, NAC, and D-Pen] in aqueous medium, were examined, The thiol quantification was carried out using Elman's method through UV-visible spectrophotometry and 1 HNMR. Results of the study performed in aqueous medium showed that level of different thiols depleted after the addition of the inorganic salts and organic complexes of Palladium. The mechanism of interaction of Palladium with thiols was examined using H-NMR. The results indicate that the depletion in the level of thiols may be due to 1:1 or 1:2 conjugation of Palladium with thiols. These conjugation reactions further suggest that the Palladium have xenobiotic nature causing oxidative stress and thiols play their role in detoxification and biotransformation of these metalloelements